Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Evaluate the degree to which each of the following informed the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson: custom, precedent, and understanding of federalism.
Documents you will examine:
- The Declaration of Independence, 1776
- Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 1787
- The Constitution of the United States, 1789
- The Tenth Amendment, 1791
- Thomas Jefferson to Henri Gregoire, 1809
- Argument of John Quincy Adams, Amistad Case, 1841
- “The American Declaration of Independence Illustrated,” 1861
- Section of The Fourteenth Amendment, 1868
- Civil Rights Cases, 1883
- Final Judgment, Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
- Majority Opinion (6-1), Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
- Dissenting Opinion, Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
- “At the Bus Station,” 1940
Although the Declaration of Independence affirmed that “all men are created equal,” and had inalienable rights including liberty, African Americans were systematically denied their liberty with the institution of slavery. Even after the Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, segregation was a fact of life in the United States. Throughout the country, the races remained separated by both custom and law.
With the end of Reconstruction, every southern state, as well as some northern ones, passed what came to be termed Jim Crow laws. These policies required segregation in public places. African Americans were denied equal access to public facilities like transportation, education, and the voting booth. In 1878, the Supreme Court held that states could not require integration on interstate common carriers. In 1890, the Court held that Mississippi could require segregation on modes of interstate transportation.
Five years later, Homer Plessy, a resident of Louisiana, decided to challenge a Louisiana law requiring segregation on railcars by purchasing a train ticket and sitting in a “whites only” car. Because Plessy was an “octoroon” (1/8th black), he was subject to the black codes of Louisiana. When he was questioned as to his status, he admitted to being an octoroon, and was arrested when he refused to leave the car. He appealed his case to the Supreme Court of Louisiana and eventually the United States Supreme Court, claiming that the Louisiana law violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
Read the Case Background and the Key Question.
Then analyze Documents A-M.
Finally, answer the Key Question in a well-organized essay that incorporates your interpretations of Documents A-M, as well as your own knowledge of history.
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